Colorado “Identity Theft” Law & Penalties – CRS § 18-5-902

Colorado law defines identity theft as using someone else’s personal or financial identifying information, without permission, to make a payment or to obtain anything of value. Identity theft can be prosecuted as a class 4 felony punishable by 2 to 6 years in prison and up to $500,000.00 in fines.

The language of CRS § 18-5-902 reads:

“(1) A person commits identity theft if he or she:

(a) Knowingly uses the personal identifying information, financial identifying information, or financial device of another without permission or lawful authority with the intent to obtain cash, credit, property, services, or any other thing of value or to make a financial payment;

(b) Knowingly possesses the personal identifying information, financial identifying information, or financial device of another without permission or lawful authority, with the intent to use or to aid or permit some other person to use such information or device to obtain cash, credit, property, services, or any other thing of value or to make a financial payment;

(c) With the intent to defraud, falsely makes, completes, alters, or utters a written instrument or financial device containing any personal identifying information or financial identifying information of another;

(d) Knowingly possesses the personal identifying information or financial identifying information of another without permission or lawful authority to use in applying for or completing an application for a financial device or other extension of credit; or

(e) Knowingly uses or possesses the personal identifying information of another without permission or lawful authority with the intent to obtain a government-issued document.”

ID theft can be a felony or a misdemeanor, depending on the case. Fortunately, there are numerous ways to defend against Colorado identity theft charges, including taking the position that:

• You didn’t know the info you tried to use belonged to an actual person;
• You had the other person’s permission to use their information;
• You didn’t intend to defraud anyone;
• You didn’t use the info to obtain anything of value; or
• You were the victim of police misconduct or the evidence against you was found during an illegal search.

To help you better understand the law, our Denver Colorado criminal defense attorneys will explain:

• 1. What constitutes identity theft in Colorado?
• 2. Legal definitions
  • 2.1. Knowingly
  • 2.2. Personal identifying information
  • 2.3. Financial identifying information
  • 2.4. Financial device
  • 2.5. Falsely make
  • 2.6. Falsely complete
  • 2.7. Falsely alter
  • 2.8. Utter

  

  CRS 18-5-902 defines identity theft as knowingly using another person’s personal or financial identifying information, or a device such as their check or credit card, to make a payment or to obtain anything of value.

  1. What constitutes identity theft in Colorado?

  CRS 18-5-902 is Colorado’s criminal law against identity theft. You commit this offense when:

  • You knowingly use someone else’s personal identifying information, financial identifying information (such as a bank account number), or financial device without permission or lawful authority with the intent to obtain cash, credit, property, services, or any other thing of value or to make a monetary payment; or
  • You knowingly possess someone else’s personal identifying information, financial identifying information, or financial device such as a bank card without permission or lawful authority, with the intent to use or to aid or permit some other person to use such information or device to obtain cash, credit, property, services, or any other thing of value or to make a monetary payment; or
  • With the intent to defraud, you falsely make, complete, alter, or utter a written instrument or financial device containing any personal identifying information or monetary identifying information of another; or
  • You knowingly possess the personal identifying information or financial identifying information of another without permission or lawful authority to use in applying for or completing an application for a monetary device or other extension of credit; or
  • You knowingly use or possess the personal identifying information of another without permission or lawful authority with the intent to obtain a government-issued document.

  2. Legal definitions

  2.1. Knowingly

  You act “knowingly” with respect to conduct or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when you are aware that your conduct is of such nature or that such circumstance exists. 1

  To prove you are guilty of ID theft under Colorado law, the prosecution must show that:

  1. You knowingly used the identifying information or financial device of another, AND
  2. You knew that such identifying information or financial device belonged to an actual person. 2

  Example: Jenna makes up a false social security number on an apartment rental application, thinking the landlord won’t actually check her financial records. However, the landlord runs a credit report and discovers that the social security number actually belongs to another person. But since Jenna didn’t know this, she didn’t knowingly use someone else’s identifying info and she is not guilty of ID theft.

  2.2. Personal identifying information

  “Personal identifying information” means information that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual, including but not limited to

  • a name;
  • a date of birth;
  • a social security number;
  • a password; a pass code;
  • an official, government-issued driver’s license or identification card number;
  • a government passport number;
  • biometric data;
  • or an employer, student, or military identification number. 3

  2.3. Financial identifying information

  “Financial identifying information” means any of the following that can be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to obtain cash, credit, property, services, or any other thing of value or to make a financial payment:

  • A personal identification number, credit card number, banking card number from a financial institution, checking account number, debit card number, electronic fund transfer card number, guaranteed check card number, or routing number; or
  • A number representing a financial account or a number affecting the financial interest, standing, or obligation of or to the account holder. 4

  2.4. Financial device

  “Financial device” means any instrument or device that can be used to obtain cash, credit, property, services, or any other thing of value or to make financial payments, including but not limited to:

  • A credit card, banking card, debit card, electronic fund transfer card, or a guaranteed check card;
  • A check;
  • A negotiable order of withdrawal;
  • A share draft; or
  • A money order. 5

  2.5. Falsely make

  To “falsely make” a written instrument or financial device means to make or draw a written instrument or financial device, whether it be in complete or incomplete form, that purports to be an authentic creation of its ostensible maker, but that is not, either because the ostensible maker is fictitious or because, if real, the ostensible maker did not authorize the making or the drawing of the written instrument or financial device. 6

  2.6. Falsely complete

  To “falsely complete” a written instrument or financial device means:

  • To transform an incomplete written instrument or financial device into a complete one by adding, inserting, or changing matter without the authority of anyone entitled to grant that authority, so that the complete written instrument or financial device falsely appears or purports to be in all respects an authentic creation of or fully authorized by its ostensible maker; or
  • To transform an incomplete written instrument or financial device into a complete one by adding or inserting materially false information or adding or inserting a materially false statement. A materially false statement is a false assertion that affects the action, conduct, or decision of the person who receives or is intended to receive the asserted information in a manner that directly or indirectly benefits the person making the assertion. 7

  2.7. Falsely alter

  To “falsely alter” a written instrument or financial device means to change a written instrument or financial device without the authority of anyone entitled to grant such authority, whether it be in complete or incomplete form, by means of erasure, obliteration, deletion, insertion of new matter, transposition of matter, or any other means, so that the written instrument or financial device in its thus altered form falsely appears or purports to be in all respects an authentic creation of or fully authorized by its ostensible maker. 8

  2.8. Utter

  “Utter” means to transfer, pass, or deliver, or to attempt or cause to be transferred, passed, or delivered, to another person a written instrument or financial device, article, or thing. 9

  

  A violation of CRS 18-5-902 can result in a fine and/or jail time.

  3. What are the penalties?

  Identity theft is a class 2 misdemeanor when the defendant either:

  • Knowingly possesses the personal identifying information, financial identifying information, or financial device of another without permission or lawful authority, with the intent to use or to aid or permit some other person to use such information or device to obtain cash, credit, property, services, or any other thing of value or to make a financial payment; or
    
  • Knowingly possesses the personal identifying information or financial identifying information of another without permission or lawful authority to use in applying for or completing an application for a financial device or other extension of credit; or
  • Knowingly uses or possesses the personal identifying information of another without permission or lawful authority with the intent to obtain a government-issued document.

  Class 2 misdemeanors carry up to 120 days in jail and/or up to $750 in fines. But if the defendant possesses three or more financial devices – or the personal or financial identifying information or three or more persons – then ID theft is prosecuted as a class 5 felony carrying

  • 1 year to 3 years in prison and/or
  • fines from $1,000 to $100,000.

  Otherwise, identity theft is a Colorado class 4 felony. Consequences of ID theft can include:

  • 2-6 years in prison (with 3 years mandatory parole), and/or
  • A fine of $2,000-$500,000.

  However, the prison time for ID theft is mandatory if:

  1. You are convicted of ID theft or of an attempt, conspiracy, or solicitation to commit identity theft; AND
  2. You have a prior conviction in Colorado or any other state, the United States, or any other territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States that would constitute identity theft or a related offense if committed in this state, or for attempt, conspiracy, or solicitation to commit such an offense. 10

  The defendant may also have to pay restitution to the victims of ID theft.

  Note that ID theft charges are often prosecuted by the Colorado attorney general instead of a county district attorney.

  4. How can I fight the case in court?

  Because there are so many parts to Colorado’s law on identity theft, there are numerous defenses, all of which depend on the specific facts of your case. Our knowledgeable Colorado fraud attorneys can help you decide which is the best defense for your Colorado identity theft charges.

  However, common defenses to identity theft charges include (but are not limited to):

  • You didn’t knowingly use someone else’s personal or financial identifying information or financing device;
  • You didn’t know that the identifying information you used belonged to an actual person;
  • You used someone else’s information, but it wasn’t done with that person’s permission;
  • You didn’t intend to defraud anyone;
  • You weren’t the one who completely or altered the written instrument or financial device; or
  • The evidence against you was obtained during an illegal search and seizure by the law enforcement agency.

  5. Helpful Links

  • Credit Reporting Agencies Experian, Transunion, Equifax
  • Federal Trade Commission (FTC) at ftc.gov
  • Colorado Bureau of Investigation
  • Colorado Fraud Hotline

  Laws in Other States:

  Legal references:

  1. CRS 18-1-501 (6); see alsoAllman v. People , 451 P.3d 826 (2019). HB 23-1293.
     
  2. People v. Perez, 2016, 367 P.3d 695.
  3. CRS 18-5-901 (13); see alsoPeople v. Molina ,388 P.3d 894 (2017).
  4. CRS 18-5-901 (7).
  5. CRS 18-5-901 (6).
  6. CRS 18-5-901 (5).
  7. CRS 18-5-901 (4).
  8. CRS 18-5-901 (3).
  9. CRS 18-5-901 (14).
  10. CRS 18-5-902. Prior to March 1, 2022, ID theft was always a class 4 felony. SB21-271.